Grade-8, SST, Industries

EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

(a) Oil refining industries are classified as large-scale industries.

(b) Cheese and butter are produced by the pastoral industry.

(d) The Ruhr-Saar Basin is an important industrial region of Germany.

(e) Bangladesh is a major producer of jute.

2. Choose the correct answer.

(a) One of these is not produced by a cottage industry:

(i) handicraft.

(ii) iron and steel.

(iii) pottery.

(iv) jewellery.

Answer- (ii) iron and steel.

(b) Potato chips are produced by the

(i) mineral-based industry.

(ii) agro-based industry.

(iii) pastoral industry.

(iv) forest-based industry.

Answer- (ii) agro-based industry.

(i) public sector.

(ii) private sector.

(iii) joint sector.

(iv) cooperative sector.

Answer- (ii) private sector.

(d) Manganese is an important raw material for this industry:

(i) jute textile.

(ii) chemical.

(iii) engineering.

(iv) iron and steel.

Answer- (iv) iron and steel.

(e) Which of these is not a product of the chemical industry?

(i) soap.

(ii) dyes.

(iii) detergents.

(iv) cooking oil.

Answer- (iv) cooking oil.

3. Match the column.

(a) cottage industry

(b) large-scale industry

(d) forest- based

(e) joint sector

(i) sugar industry

(ii) owned by government and private individuals

(iii) furniture industry

(iv) run by a family

(v) huge investment

Answer-

(a) cottage industry - (iv) run by a family

(b) large-scale industry - (v) huge investment

(d) forest- based - (iii) furniture industry

(e) joint sector - (ii) owned by government and private individuals

4. Write true or false. Correct the false sentences in your notebook.

(a) Bauxite is the ore from which aluminium is made.

True

(b) Sugar is produced by a mineral-based industry.

False (Sugar is produced by an agro-based industry.)

False (The Ganga Plain and the Hugli Basin provide a large supply of unskilled labor for industries.)

(d) USA and Germany are leaders in the engineering industry.

True

(e) The textile industry is the basic industry, upon which all the other industries are dependent.

False (The iron and steel industry is the basic industry.)

5. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

(a) Define manufacturing.

Answer- Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials into finished products.

(b) Why is the iron and steel industry considered very important?

Answer- The iron and steel industry is considered very important because it provides the essential raw material for many other industries.

(c) Define the term 'cottage industry. Give two examples of products from cottage industries. Answer- A cottage industry is a small-scale industry run by a family. Two examples of products from cottage industries are handicrafts and pottery.

(d) What type of industry is well-developed in New Zealand and Denmark?

Answer- The pastoral industry is well-developed in New Zealand and Denmark.

(e) Why is the Ahmadabad-Mumbai region important for the cotton textile industry?

Answer- The Ahmadabad-Mumbai region is important for the cotton textile industry because it has access to cotton-growing areas and a developed infrastructure for textile production.

6. Answer the following questions in four or five sentences.

(a) Differentiate between cottage and small-scale industries.

Answer- Differentiate between cottage and small-scale industries.

Cottage Industries: Family-run, often home-based, traditional methods, small-scale production, limited investment, simple machinery, local market.
Small-scale Industries: Larger than cottage, employ external labor, use machinery and power, larger scale of production, require more investment, wider market reach.

(b) What do you know about pastoral industries?

Answer- Information about pastoral industries-

 Pastoral Industries: Based on animal products, such as dairy, wool, leather, and meat.

 Raw Materials: Milk, wool, hides, and other animal byproducts.

 Products: Cheese, butter, yogurt, woolen garments, leather goods, meat products.

 Examples of Countries: Denmark, New Zealand (dairy), Australia (wool), India (leather).

Answer- Following factors determine the location of an industry:

 Raw Material Availability: Proximity to sources reduces transportation costs.

 Power Supply: Uninterrupted and affordable power is essential.

 Transport Facilities: Efficient transportation for raw materials and finished goods.

 Labor Availability: Skilled and unskilled labor supply.

 Market: Proximity to markets for easy sales.

 Other Factors: Financial institutions, climate, government policies.

(d) Give an account of the textile industry in the world.

Answer- An account of the textile industry in the world:

 Major Textile Fibers: Cotton, wool, silk, jute, synthetic fibers.

 Key Producing Countries: India, China, Bangladesh, USA, Pakistan, Brazil.

 Regional Specializations: Cotton (India, USA), Wool (Australia, New Zealand), Silk (China, India), Jute (Bangladesh, India).

 Factors Influencing Location: Proximity to raw material sources, climate, labor availability, infrastructure.

(e) Discuss the importance of market for an industry.

Answer- Importance of market for an industry:

 Market Access: Determines demand for products and profitability.

 Market Research: Understanding consumer preferences and trends.

 Distribution Channels: Efficient distribution networks for reaching customers.

 Marketing Strategies: Effective promotion and branding to attract customers.

 Market Competition: Analyzing competitors and differentiating products.

Remembering Skills

(i) What is a joint sector industry?

Answer- Joint Sector Industry: An industry that is jointly owned by the government and private entrepreneurs or private companies. Examples of such industries in India include Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL), makers of Maruti cars. It is jointly owned by the Government of India and the Suzuki Company of Japan.

(ii) Name two regions that are well-known for steel production in the world.

Answer- Two regions well-known for steel production in the world are:

The Ruhr-Saar Basin in Germany: Known for its large steelworks and iron ore mines.
The Pittsburgh region in the United States: Historically a major center of steel production.

Understanding Skills

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

(i) From where does the raw material for this industry come?

Answer- The primary raw material for steel hot rolled coils is iron ore. This is processed into steel ingots or billets, which are then reheated and rolled into coils.

(ii) Why is this industry important?

Answer- This industry is important because of:

 Wide Range of Applications: Hot rolled steel coils are used in various industries, including construction, automotive, manufacturing, and appliances.

 Foundation for Other Products: They serve as a base material for further processing, such as cold rolling, galvanizing, or painting, to create products like sheets, pipes, and structural components.

 Economic Significance: The steel industry is a significant economic driver, providing jobs and contributing to GDP.

Understanding Skills

1. What are the different types of industries based on ownership?

Answer: The different types of industries based on ownership are:

Public sector industries: These industries are owned and managed by the government. Examples of public sector industries in India include Indian Railways, Indian Oil Corporation, and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited.
Private sector industries: These industries are owned and managed by private individuals or companies. Examples of private sector industries in India include Reliance Industries, Tata Steel, and Infosys.
Joint sector industries: These industries are owned and managed jointly by the government and private sector companies. Examples of joint sector industries in India include Maruti Suzuki India Limited and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.
Cooperative sector industries: These industries are owned and managed by a group of people who have come together to form a cooperative society. Examples of cooperative sector industries in India include Amul Dairy and Khadi Gramodyog Sansthan.

2. What are the different types of industries based on raw materials?

Answer: The different types of industries based on raw materials are:

Agro-based industries: These industries use agricultural products as their raw materials. Examples of agro-based industries include food processing industries, textile industries, and sugar industries.
Mineral-based industries: These industries use minerals as their raw materials. Examples of mineral-based industries include iron and steel industry, cement industry, and aluminium industry.
Forest-based industries: These industries use forest products as their raw materials. Examples of forest-based industries include paper industry, furniture industry, and plywood industry.
Pastoral industries: These industries use animal products as their raw materials. Examples of pastoral industries include dairy industry, leather industry, and wool industry.

3. What are the factors that influence the location of an industry?

Answer: The factors that influence the location of an industry are:

Availability of raw materials: Industries are often located near the sources of their raw materials to reduce transportation costs.
Availability of power: Industries require large amounts of power to operate, so they are often located near sources of electricity.
Availability of water: Industries require large amounts of water for production and cooling, so they are often located near sources of fresh water.
Availability of labor: Industries require a workforce with the necessary skills and experience, so they are often located in areas with a large pool of potential workers.
Transportation facilities: Industries need to be able to transport their raw materials and finished products to and from their location, so they are often located near transportation hubs such as ports, airports, and highways.
Market size: Industries are more likely to be located in areas with a large market for their products.
Government incentives: Governments may offer incentives such as tax breaks or subsidies to attract industries to certain locations.

4. What are the benefits of industrialization?

Answer: The benefits of industrialization include:

Economic growth: Industrialization can lead to economic growth by creating jobs, increasing incomes, and generating new wealth.
Improved standard of living: Industrialization can lead to a higher standard of living for people by providing them with access to more goods and services.
Social development: Industrialization can lead to social development by improving education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
Technological advancement: Industrialization can lead to technological advancement by driving innovation and development.

5. What are the challenges of industrialization?

Answer: The challenges of industrialization include:

Environmental pollution: Industrialization can lead to environmental pollution in the form of air pollution, water pollution, and waste disposal.
Social inequality: Industrialization can lead to social inequality by creating a gap between the rich and the poor.
Unemployment: Industrialization can lead to unemployment as jobs are lost to automation and other factors.
Urbanization: Industrialization can lead to urbanization, which can put a strain on resources and infrastructure.

Values and Life Skills

Industries play a major role in the development of our country. They also provide us with everything we need food, clothes and medicines to gadgets for entertainment. However, they are also a major source of pollution in the country.

Imagine that you are a factory owner. Write down what you can do to reduce pollution caused by your unit.

Reducing Pollution from My Factory

As a factory owner, I understand the importance of environmental responsibility. Here are some steps I can take to reduce pollution caused by my unit:

1. Adopt Cleaner Technologies:

Invest in energy-efficient equipment: This will reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Implement pollution control devices: Install scrubbers, filters, and other technologies to capture and treat pollutants before they are released into the atmosphere.
Explore renewable energy sources: Consider solar, wind, or hydro power to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

2. Improve Waste Management:

Reduce, reuse, recycle: Implement programs to minimize waste generation and maximize resource efficiency.
Proper waste disposal: Ensure that waste is disposed of safely and responsibly, following environmental regulations.
Hazardous waste management: Handle and store hazardous materials according to strict guidelines to prevent contamination.

3. Conserve Water:

Implement water-saving technologies: Use efficient irrigation systems, low-flow fixtures, and water recycling systems.
Reduce water pollution: Treat wastewater before discharging it into the environment.
Monitor water consumption: Track water usage and identify areas for improvement.

4. Promote Environmental Awareness:

Educate employees: Conduct training programs to raise awareness about environmental issues and best practices.
Engage with the community: Participate in local environmental initiatives and collaborate with community organizations.
Comply with environmental regulations: Stay updated on and adhere to all relevant environmental laws and regulations.

5. Sustainable Sourcing:

Source materials responsibly: Choose suppliers who prioritize sustainability and ethical practices.
Support sustainable practices: Encourage suppliers to adopt environmentally friendly methods.
Reduce reliance on harmful materials: Explore alternatives to materials that have negative environmental impacts.

By implementing these measures, I can contribute to a cleaner and healthier environment while also improving my factory's efficiency and sustainability.

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