Class-7, Social Science, New Kingdoms (750 CE - 1200 CE)

 

EXERCISES

 

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

 

(a) Most historians agree that the Rajputs belonged to the Kshatriya caste.

(b) The Pratihara dynasty reached its peak under the rule of Mihir Bhoja.

(c) The word 'rashtra' means territory.

(d) The Second Battle of Tarain was fought in 1192 CE.

(e) A bigger nadu was called a valanadu.

 

 

2. Choose the correct answer.

(a) Gopala was the founder of ____

(i) Pratihara dynasty.

(ii) Chola dynasty.

(iii) Pala dynasty.

(iv) Rashtrakuta dynasty

Ans- (iii) Pala dynasty.

 

(b) The main capital of the Rashtrakutas was

(i) Vengi

(ii) Mathura

(iii) Delhi

(iv) Manyakheta

Ans- (iv) Manyakheta.

 

(c) Al Beruni and Firdausi lived in the court of

(i) Prithviraj Chauhan.

(ii) Mahmud of Ghazni.

(iii) Muhammad Ghori.

(iv) Rajendra Chola

Ans-  (ii) Mahmud of Ghazni.

 

(d) Which ruler captured Sri Lanka in the 11th century CE?

(i) Gopala

(ii) Mihir Bhoja

(iii) Muhammad Ghori

(v) Rajendra Chola

Ans- (iv) Rajendra Chola.

 

(e) The brahmana assembly was known as the

(i) Sabha

(ii) Ur

(iii) nadu

(iv) valanadu

Ans- (i) Sabha.

 

3. Match the column.

Column A	Column B
Suryavanshi	copper plate inscriptions
chieftain	Ghazni
Rashtrakutas	'kuta'
Sabuktagin	Rajputs
Cholas	Dantidurga

 

Solution

Column A	Column B
Suryavanshi	Rajputs
chieftain	'kuta'
Rashtrakutas	Dantidurga
Sabuktagin	Ghazni
Cholas	copper plate inscriptions

4. Write true or false. Correct the false sentences in your notebook.

 

(a) The Palas ruled over present-day Bihar and Bengal.

True

(b) Prithviraj Chauhan won the First Battle of Tarain.

True

(c) Mahmud of Ghazni was interested in building a large empire in India.

False- Mahmud of Ghazni was interested in capturing India's wealth.

(d) Rajendra Chola assumed the title of 'Gangaikonda.

True

(e) The Chola kings recorded land grants through copper plate inscriptions.

True

 

5. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences. 

 

(a) Who were the Rajputs?

Ans- The Rajputs (literally means son of a king )were warriors and belonged to the Kshatriya caste. They played a significant role in the medieval history of India.

 

(b) Why did the struggle for Kanauj take place? What happened in the end?

Ans- The struggle for Kanauj took place between the regional powers of northern India, including the Pratiharas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas, to establish control over Kanauj. Kanauj was located on the banks of the river Ganga and its conquest meant control of the rich resources of the upper Ganga Valley, trade and agriculture.

In the end Ghorids defeated Jaichandra of Kanauj in 1194 CE. Between 1192 CE and 1206 CE, Turkish rule extended over the Ganga- Yamuna Doab, Bihar and Bengal.

 

(c) What was the main achievement of the Pratihara king, Mihir Bhoja? 

Ans- The Pratihara dynasty reached its peak under the rule of Mihir Bhoja (836-90 CE). His achievements were:

1-  he expanded the kingdom to the east and made conquests in Punjab, Awadh, Malwa and Gujarat.

2-  He established his capital at Kanauj.

3-  Promoted trade between the Pratiharas and Central Asia.

4-  He made a strong standing army and a fine cavalry.

 

(d) Why did Mahmud of Ghazni attack India?

Ans- Mahmud did not want to rule over India. His invasions were undertaken purely to capture India's wealth. During his raids, he attacked wealthy temples and took the booty to Ghazni.

 

(e) Who assumed the title of 'Gangaikonda'? What does it mean?

Ans- Rajendra Chola assumed the title of 'Gangaikonda,' which means the conqueror of the Ganga.

After defeating Mahipala, the ruler of Bengal, and crossing the river Ganga during his conquests. He laid the foundation of a new city called Gangaikondacholapuram to commemorate his victory in north India.

 

6. Answer the following questions in four or five sentences.

 

(a) Who was Muhammad Ghori? What is his significance in the history of India? 

Ans- Muhammad Ghori was a Turkish ruler from Ghazni who invaded India multiple times. His invasions marked a significant turning point in the history of India. His victory in the Second Battles of Tarain (1192 CE) allowed him to gain control over parts of northern India.

Muhammad Ghori did not stay in India. He left the provinces that he had conquered in the hands of his slaves who acted as his regional governors and laid the foundation for the Delhi Sultanate.

 

 

(b) What happened at the First and Second Battles of Tarain?

Ans- The First Battle of Tarain took place in 1191 CE, where Prithviraj Chauhan of Delhi defeated Muhammad Ghori. However, in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 CE, Muhammad Ghori emerged victorious, defeating Prithviraj Chauhan. This victory allowed Muhammad Ghori to establish control over Delhi and other regions in northern India.

 

(c) Discuss the main achievements of Rajaraja I and Rajendra Chola. 

Ans- The achievements of Rajaraja I were:

1-Military Conquests: Rajaraja I was a powerful military leader who led successful campaigns against several neighboring kingdoms. He defeated the Cheras at Thiruvananthapuram, the Pandyas at Madurai, and the Chalukyas in the Deccan, which expanded the Chola empire's territory.

2- Naval Expansion: Rajaraja I had a strong navy that enabled him to capture most of Sri Lanka and several small islands in the Bay of Bengal. This maritime expansion facilitated trade and cultural exchanges with other regions.

3- Efficient Administration: Rajaraja I was an excellent administrator and ruled his empire efficiently. He established a well-organized administrative system, which contributed to the stability and prosperity of his kingdom.

4- Architectural Marvel: One of the most significant achievements of Rajaraja I was the construction of the Brihadeshwara Temple in Thanjavur. This temple is an architectural masterpiece and a symbol of the Chola dynasty's cultural and artistic prowess.

 

The achievements of Rajendra Chola were:

1- Completion of Sri Lanka Conquest: Rajendra Chola successfully completed the conquest of Sri Lanka that his father, Rajaraja I, had initiated. This further strengthened the Chola empire's control over important maritime trade routes and enhanced their influence in the Indian Ocean region.

2- Victory over Mahipala of Bengal: Rajendra Chola crossed the river Ganga and defeated Mahipala, the ruler of Bengal. This victory led to the annexation of Bengal into the Chola empire and further expanded their territory.

3- Title of 'Gangaikonda': After his victory in North India, Rajendra Chola assumed the title of 'Gangaikonda,' which means 'the conqueror of the Ganga.' This title was a testament to his military prowess and conquests in the northern regions.

4- Foundation of Gangaikondacholapuram: Rajendra Chola laid the foundation of a new city called Gangaikondacholapuram to commemorate his victory over the Ganga region. This city became an important center of administration, trade, and culture during the Chola period.

5- Smooth Succession: Rajendra Chola's long and successful rule ensured a smooth transition of power within the Chola dynasty. After his reign, he was succeeded by his three sons, continuing the Chola legacy of strong rulers.

 

(d) Why did the life of the people revolve around temples during Chola rule?

Ans- Life during the Chola period centred around the temple.

1-Religious Activities- They were considered sacred places where they could worship their deities, seek blessings, and perform religious rituals.

2-Preservation of Art and Culture- Different types of crafts were produced and cultural functions were held here.

3- Educational and Medical Facilities- Schools, colleges and hospitals also grew around these temples.

4-Economic Activities- Its construction and maintenance offered jobs to a number of people. Each temple had its own priests, musicians, dancers, florists, cooks, carpenters, sweepers, potters, gardeners, washermen and others.

 

Thus, temple was not only a place of worship but also the epicentre of social, economic and cultural life.

 

(e) What measures were taken to develop agriculture during the Chola period?

Ans- During the Chola period, following measures were taken to develop agriculture:

1-Land Measurement and Taxation: The sabha, or village assembly, played a crucial role in measuring the land that was under cultivation and assessing the tax payable by each person. Taxes could be paid in kind, such as grains, or in cash.

2- Irrigation Works: Special emphasis was placed on the construction of irrigation works to improve agricultural productivity. Irrigation canals were built to channel water to fields, and in some areas, wells were dug to access groundwater. Tanks were also constructed to collect rainwater during the monsoon season for use during dry periods.

3- Advanced Irrigation Technology: The Cholas used advanced irrigation technology, such as the construction of an anicut (a type of dam) across the Kaveri River, which facilitated better control of water flow and enabled efficient irrigation in the region. This led to increased agricultural output and made Thanjavur, the Chola capital, the granary of the south.

4- Maintenance of Infrastructure: The sabha was responsible for maintaining roads, temples, and water tanks. Well-maintained infrastructure facilitated better transportation and communication, enabling the smooth movement of agricultural produce and fostering trade and commerce.

5-Dispute Settlement: The sabha had a judicial committee that settled disputes related to land, water, and irrigation. This helped resolve conflicts and ensured equitable distribution of resources among the farming communities.

6- Promotion of Trade and Commerce: The development of agriculture was linked to trade and commerce. The surplus agricultural produce could be traded in local markets and exported to other regions through well-connected trade networks. This not only boosted agricultural income but also contributed to overall economic growth.

7- Encouragement of Craftsmanship: The Cholas encouraged craftsmanship, including the production of agricultural tools and equipment. This helped improve agricultural practices and efficiency.

 

HOTS

How would the life of the common man have been affected by constant wars and battles?

The life of the common man during the period of constant wars and battles would have been severely affected in several ways:

1-Insecurity and Fear: Continuous warfare would have created a sense of insecurity among the common people. They would have lived in constant fear of attacks, raids, and invasions, which could result in loss of life, property, and livelihood.

 

2-Disruption of Livelihood: Wars often led to the destruction of crops, livestock, and infrastructure such as roads and irrigation systems. This disruption would have severely affected agriculture and trade, leading to scarcity of food and essential goods.

3-Forced Recruitment and Labor: During times of conflict, rulers often conscripted common people into the army to fight in battles. Many individuals, particularly young men, would have been forcibly recruited and taken away from their families and livelihoods.

4-Economic Hardships: Wars are costly, and rulers often levied heavy taxes on the common people to fund military campaigns. This would have increased the burden on the already struggling agricultural and trading communities.

5-Displacement and Migration: In areas directly affected by battles, people might have been forced to flee their homes to seek safety in other regions. This displacement would have disrupted social and economic structures.

6-Loss of Lives and Property: Battles and sieges resulted in the loss of lives and property, not only for the combatants but also for innocent civilians caught in the crossfire. Many families would have lost their loved ones, homes, and possessions.

7-Destruction of Infrastructure: Military campaigns often involved the destruction of cities, towns, and villages. Public buildings, temples, and other structures would have been damaged, affecting the everyday life of the common people.

8-Impact on Trade and Commerce: Continuous wars would have disrupted trade routes and commercial activities. Merchants and traders faced risks and uncertainties, leading to a decline in economic activities.

9-Social and Cultural Impact: Wars and conflicts can lead to the breakdown of social structures and cultural practices. The loss of lives, traditions, and historical artifacts could have long-lasting effects on the identity and cohesion of communities.

Value Based Question-

If you were a noblein the court of a Rajput ruler in the 10^th century CE, what advice would you give to the ruler to prevent continuous wars and invasions?

Ans- As a noble in the court of a Rajput ruler in the 10th century CE, my advice to the ruler to prevent continuous wars and invasions would be as follows:

1-Strengthen Diplomatic Relations: I would advise the ruler to focus on building strong diplomatic relations with neighboring kingdoms and empires. By forming alliances and treaties, we can avoid unnecessary conflicts and foster mutual cooperation for the benefit of all parties involved.

2-Develop a Strong Defense: Investing in a well-trained and well-equipped standing army would be crucial for deterring potential invaders. By maintaining a strong defense, we can discourage hostile forces from considering an attack and ensure the safety of our kingdom and its subjects.

3-Promote Trade and Commerce: Encourage trade and commerce within the kingdom and with neighboring regions. A thriving economy can generate prosperity and make the kingdom more attractive for trade partners, reducing the need for conquests to acquire resources.

4-Focus on Infrastructure: Investing in infrastructure development, such as building and maintaining roads, bridges, and irrigation systems, can improve connectivity, trade, and agricultural productivity. A well-developed kingdom is less likely to face internal strife and external threats.

5-Promote Education and Culture: Encourage the pursuit of knowledge, arts, and culture within the kingdom. A flourishing intellectual and cultural environment can lead to the development of a strong and proud nation, reducing the desire for aggression.

 

6- Settle Disputes Peacefully: Encourage peaceful resolution of disputes with neighboring kingdoms through negotiation and mediation. War should be seen as the last resort when all other diplomatic and peaceful means have been exhausted.

7-Maintain Regional Stability: Foster stability and cooperation among different regions and communities within the kingdom. Address grievances and concerns of different groups to prevent internal strife that could weaken the kingdom.

8-Maintain a Sense of Justice: Ensure a fair and just legal system that protects the rights of all subjects, regardless of their social status or background. A sense of justice will instill loyalty and respect for the ruler and the kingdom.

9-Promote a Sense of National Identity: Emphasize the importance of a unified national identity that transcends individual interests and fosters loyalty to the larger cause of the kingdom's prosperity and security.

10-Lead by Example: As a ruler, set an example of wisdom, virtue, and compassion. Demonstrate the values of benevolent leadership and inspire others to follow a path of peace and prosperity.

 

By following these principles, the Rajput ruler can create a stable, prosperous, and harmonious kingdom that is less prone to wars and invasions, ensuring the well-being and security of its people.